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مخض

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Form 1مَخَضَ اللَّبَنَ7 senses · 2 main
muḍāriʿـُيَفْعُلُ·ـِيَفْعِلُ·ـَيَفْعَلُmaṣdarمَخْضٌ مَخَاضٌ

Core sense — he churned the milk; he shook it violently; she was in labourgenerated

1.1

Muḍāriʿ مَخُضَ, مَخِضَ and مَخَضَ.

He churned, or beat and agitated, the milk in the مِمْخَضَة, and took the butter of the milk; or he extracted the butter of the milk by putting water in it and agitating it.

Or مَخْضٌ means one's agitating the مِمْخَض that holds the milk whose butter has been taken.

1.1.1figurative · مجازhe shook, or agitated, the thing violently—مَخَضَ الشَّىْءَ

مَخْضٌ is used of many things as well.

In a tradition: مُرَّ عَلَيْهِ بِجِنَازَةٍ تُمْخَضُ مَخْضًا, or تُمْخَضُ مَخْضَ الزّقّ, [A bier with a corpse was conveyed past him] being shaken quickly, or being shaken violently [as the milkskin is shaken].

he dashed the bucket in the water of the well, to fill it; or he drew much water with the bucket—مَخَضَ الدَّلْوَ

Also بِالدَّلْوِ, which is the correct phrase; and مَخَضَ المَآءَ بِالدَّلْوِ.

he drew much water with the bucket from the well, and agitated it—مَخَضَ البِئْرَ بِالدَّلْوِ
1.1.2figurative · مجازhe turned his idea, or opinion, over [in his mind]—مَخَضَ رَأْيَهُ

He considered what its results would be, until the right course appeared to him.

1.1.3figurative · مجاز[God caused the years to revolve until that was their issue, or result]—مَخَضَ ٱللّٰهُ السِّنِينَ حَتَّى كَانَ ذٰلِكَ زُبْدَتَهَا
1.1.4figurative · مجازhe brayed in his faucial bag—مَخَضَ

Said of a camel. The braying is هَدَرَ, and the bag is the شِقْشِقَة [i.e. faucial bag, or bursa faucium].

1.2figurative · مجاز — inferredshe was taken with the pains of parturition, being near to bringing forth—مَخِضَتْ

or مَخَضَتْ, or both; the muḍāriʿ of the latter, like that of the former, is مَخَضَ and مُخِضَتْ, but IAar disallows this last.

Most of Keys, Temeem and Asad say مِخِضَتْ, with kesr to the م [for مَخِضَتْ], and they do the same with every initial letter standing before a guttural letter in words of the measures فَعِلْتُ and فَعِيلٌ. (Nuseyr)

Maṣdar مَخَاضٌ, مِخَاضٌ and مَخَضٌ.

she was taken with the pains of parturition—مَخَّضَتْ

Said of a she-camel, or of a woman, or without restriction; or also without restriction of a woman, of a she-camel, and of other beasts.

Maṣdar تَمْخِيضٌ and تمخّضت, each of these two correct; and امتخضت.

her child moved about in her belly, before the birth—مَخِضَتْ

Said of a woman. (Ibráheem El-Harbee)

her young one became agitated in her belly at the time of bringing forth—تمخّضت بِوَلَدِهَا

Said of a she-camel.

she conceived, or became pregnant—تمخّضت

Said of a ewe or she-goat, with this form alone.

1.2.1figurative · مجاز[The cloud, or clouds, and] the sky prepared, or became ready, to rain—مَخِضَ السَّحَابُ بِمَائِهِ

Also تمخّض and تمخّضت السَّمَآءُ.

the night had an evil morning—تمخّضت اللَّيْلَةُ عَنْ صَبَاحِ سَوْءٍ

Also يَوْمِ سَوْءٍ.

time, or fortune, brought trial, civil war, sedition, or the like—تمخّض الدَّهْرُ بِالْفِتْنَةِ

'Amr Ibn-Hassán, one of the Benu-l-Hárith-Ibn-Hemmám-Ibn-Murrah, says (Seer) — though the saying is also ascribed to Sahm Ibn-Khálid Ibn-'Abd-Allah Esh-Sheybánee and to Khálid Ibn-Hikk Esh-Sheybánee:

shāhid
تَمَخَّضَتِ المَنُونُ لَهُ بِيَوْمٍأَنَى وَلِكُلِّ حَامِلَةٍ تَمَامُ

meaning [Time, or fortune,] was pregnant with a day for him whose time of birth had come; [for every one that is pregnant has a term of completion.]

As though from المَخَاضُ.

Show Lane's original text
, (S, A, Mgh, Msb, K,) aor. مَخُضَ , (S, A, Msb, K,) and مَخِضَ , and مَخَضَ , (S, Msb, K,) inf. n. مَخْضٌ , (Msb,) He churned, or beat and agitated, the milk, (Mgh,) in the مِمْخَضَة : (A, Mgh:) and (A) he took the butter of the milk: (A, K:) or he extracted, or fetched out, the butter of the milk, by putting water in it, and agitating it: (Msb:) or مَخْضٌ signifies one's agitating the مِمْخَض wherein is the milk of which the butter has been taken. (Lth.) [Hence,] مَخْضٌ relates also to many things. (TA.) Thus, you say, (TA) مَخَضَ الشَّىْءَ , (K, TA,) inf. n. as above, (TA,) He shook, or agitated, the thing vehemently. (K, TA.) It is said in a trad., مُرَّ عَلَيْهِ بِجِنَازَةٍ تُمْخَضُ مَخْضًا ; (L;) or تُمْخَضُ مَخْضَ الزّقّ ; (O;) [A bier with a corpse was conveyed past him] being shaken, or agitated, quickly; (L, TA;) or being shaken, or agitated, vehemently [like as the milkskin is shaken, &c.] (O, TA.) You say also, مَخَضَ الدَّلْوَ , (K,) or بِالدَّلْوِ , (Fr, S, O, L,) which latter is the correct phrase, (TA,) or مَخَضَ المَآءَ بِالدَّلْوِ (A,) and مَخَضَ البِئْرَ بِالدَّلْوِ , (TA,) He dashed the bucket in the water of the well, to fill it: (Fr., S, O, L, K:) or he drew much water with the bucket: (A:) and the last, he drew much with the bucket from the well, and agitated it. (TA.) And [hence,] مَخَضَ رَأْيَهُ (A, Msb) He turned over, or revolved, his idea, or opinion, [in his mind,] and considered what would be its results, (Msb,) until the right course appeared to him. (A, Msb.) And مَخَضَ ٱللّٰهُ السِّنِينَ حَتَّى كَانَ ذٰلِكَ زُبْدَتَهَا [God caused the years to revolve until that was their issue, or result]. (A, TA.) And مَخَضَ said of a camel, He brayed ( هَدَرَ ) in his شِقْشِقَة [i.e. faucial bag, or bursa faucium]. (K, TA.) مَخِضَتْ , (ISh, IAar S, Msb, K,) aor. مَخَضَ ; (S, K;) or مَخَضَتْ ; (so in a copy of the A and in a copy of the Mgh) or both; (JK, K;) aor. of the latter, as of the former, مَخَضَ ; (K;) and مُخِضَتْ ; (ISh, L, K;) but this last is disallowed by IAar; (TA;) and the generality of Keys and Temeem and Asad say مِخِضَتْ , with kesr to the م , [for مَخِضَتْ ,] and in like manner they do in the case of every [incipient] letter before a guttural letter in words of the measures فَعِلْتُ and فَعِيلٌ ; (Nuseyr, TA;) inf. n. مَخَاضٌ (ISh, S, A, Mgh, Msb, K) and مِخَاضٌ (Msb, K) and مَخَضٌ ; (A;) said of a she-camel, (ISh, S,) or of a woman, (IAar,) or absolutely, (A, Mgh,) or also absolutely, (Msb, TA, *) of a woman, and of a she-camel, and of other beasts, (TA,) She was taken with the pains of parturition, (ISh, S, A, Mgh, Msb, K,) being near to bringing forth; (Msb;) as also مَخَّضَتْ , inf. n. تَمْخِيضٌ ; (K;) and تمخّضت ; (ISh, and so in some copies of the K;) each of these last two is correct; (TA;) and امتخضت . (ISh.) And مَخِضَتْ said of a woman, Her child moved about in her belly, previously to the birth: (Ibráheem El-Harbee:) and in like manner, تمخّضت بِوَلَدِهَا , (S, * TA,) said of a she-camel, her young one became agitated in her belly at the time of bringing forth: (TA:) and تمخّضت [alone], said of a ewe, or she-goat, she conceived, or became pregnant. (As, K.) [Hence,] مَخِضَ السَّحَابُ بِمَائِهِ , and تمخّض , (TA,) and تمخّضت السَّمَآءُ , (A, TA,) [The cloud, or clouds, and] the sky, or heaven, prepared, or became ready, to rain. (A, TA.) And تمخّضت اللَّيْلَةُ عَنْ صَبَاحِ سَوْءٍ , (A,) or يَوْمِ سَوْءٍ , (TA,) The night had an evil morning. (TA,) And تمخّض الدَّهْرُ بِالْفِتْنَةِ Time, or fortune, brought trial, civil war, sedition, or the like: (K, TA:) as though from المَخَاضُ . (K.) 'Amr Ibn-Hassán, one of the Benu-l-Hárith-Ibn-Hemmám-Ibn-Murrah, says, (Seer, S,) but the saying is also ascribed to Sahm Ibn-Khálid Ibn- 'Abd-Allah Esh-Sheybánee, and to Khálid Ibn- Hikk Esh-Sheybánee, (TA,) 1 meaning [Time, or fortune,] was pregnant with a day for him, of which the time of birth had come: [for for every one that is pregnant there is a term of completion.] (S.) تَمَخَّضَتِ المَنُونُ لَهُ بِيَوْمٍ | أَنَى وَلِكُلِّ حَامِلَةٍ تَمَامُ
Form 2مَخَّضَ1 sense

Core sense — he churned the milkgenerated

2.1

See مَخِضَتْ.

Show Lane's original text
see مَخِضَتْ .
Form 4امخض اللَّبَنُ2 senses · 1 main

Core sense — the milk was ready for churninggenerated

4.1

The milk reached the proper time for [being churned, or] having its butter taken or extracted.

In the O and K it is made to mean the same as امتخض, but it seems that Sgh carelessly left out the words حَانَ لَهُ أَنْ يُمْخَضَ after it, and that the author of the K copied him without looking at other lexicons.

4.1.1figurative · مجازhe had his she-camels taken with the pains of parturition—امخض

Said of a man; and of his she-camel in the same way.

Show Lane's original text
The milk attained to the proper time for [its being churned, or] having its butter taken, or extracted. (S, A, Msb.) In the O and K, it is made to signify the same as امتخض : but it seems that Sgh has inadvertently omitted, after it, the words حَانَ لَهُ أَنْ يُمْخَضَ , and that the author of the K has copied him without referring to other lexicons. (TA.) Also امخض , (K,) said of a man, (TA,) He had his she-camels taken with the pains of parturition; (K, TA;) and his she-camel, in like manner. (TA.)
Form 5تمخّض4 senses · 1 main

Core sense — it became agitated in the churn; it moved about in the bellygenerated

5.1

Said of milk: it became agitated in the مِمْخَضَة; also امتخض.

[See also form 4.]

5.1.1

Said of milk: it had its butter taken.

5.1.2figurative · مجاز

Said of a child, or a young one: it moved about in the belly of its mother; and so with the latter verb.

5.1.3

See also مَخِضَتْ and what follows it, to the end of the paragraph.

Show Lane's original text
It (milk) was, or became, agitated in the مِمْخَضَة ; (S, A, * TA;) as also امتخض . (S, O, K.) [See also 4.] It (milk) had its butter taken. (K.) It (a child, or young one,) moved about in the belly of its mother; as also ↓ the latter verb. (S, TA.) See also مَخِضَتْ and what follows it, to the end of the paragraph.
Form 8إِمْتَخَضَ2 senses · 1 main

Core sense — it became agitated, said of milk in the churngenerated

8.1

See form 5, in two places.

8.1.1

And see مَخِضَتْ.

Show Lane's original text
see 5, in two places: and see مَخِضَتْ .
Form 10استمخض اللَّبَنُ2 senses · 1 main

Core sense — the milk was slow in becoming thick and fit for churninggenerated

10.1

The milk was slow in becoming thick and fit for churning, and its butter would hardly come out, if at all.

Such is the best of milk, because its butter is in it.

10.1.1

Also: the milk was slow in acquiring flavour after it had been collected in the skin.

Show Lane's original text
The milk was slow in becoming thick and fit for churning, and its butter would hardly, if at all, come forth: such is the best of milk, because its butter is in it. (A.) Also, The milk was slow in acquiring flavour after it had been collected in the skin. (TA.)

Derived nouns 12

Nounمَخْضٌ1 sense

Core sense — churned milk, milk whose butter has been takengenerated

1

See مَخِيضٌ.

Show Lane's original text
: see مَخِيضٌ .
Nounمَخَاضٌ3 senses · 2 main

Core sense — the pains of parturition; pregnant she-camels; a young camel in its second yeargenerated

1figurative · مجاز — inferred

The pains of parturition; also مِخَاضٌ.

2figurative · مجاز

Applied to she-camels: pregnant. Used in this sense as a word of good omen, from which they augur that the young ones will become agitated in their bellies at the time of parturition.

Having their young in their bellies; or such as are called عِشَار, that have been ten months pregnant. But ISd says: I have not found this explanation of مخاض on any authority but that of Th. [See also عُشَرَآءُ.]

It has no proper singular; a single one is termed خَلِفَةٌ, which is irregular.

Or مَخَاضٌ means, or also means, she-camels in the state they are in from the time when the stallion is sent among them until he brays, or, according to another relation, until they are left, that is, until he ceases ( حتّى يَنْقَطِعَ; in the copies of the K, wrongly, حتى تنقطع ) from covering. A plural with no singular.

2.1figurative · مجازa young male camel which, having completed a year from its birth, has entered on the second year—اِبْنُ مَخَاضٍ

So called because his mother, from whom he has been separated, has joined the مَخَاض, the pregnant camels, whether she has conceived or not; for they used to have the stallions cover the females a year after these had brought forth, so that their young ones might become strong, and so they conceived in the second year.

Or because its mother has been covered and has conceived and joined the مَخَاض, that is, the pregnant camels; and it bears this name until it has completed the second year, but when it enters on the third it is called اِبْنُ لَبُونٍ.

Or a young male camel when his mother has conceived; or whose mother has become pregnant; or when the she-camels among whom is his mother have become pregnant, though she has not.

The female is called بِنْتُ مَخَاضٍ or اِبْنَةُ مَخَاضٍ; the plural of both the male and the female words is بَنَاتُ مَخَاضٍ only, like بَنَاتُ لَبُونٍ and بَنَاتُ آوَى.

Sometimes the article ال is added, so that one says اِبْنُ المَخَاضِ, [since] ابن مخاض is indeterminate; and when you want to make it determinate you affix the article ال, as above, but this makes it determinate only as a generic name.

Qur’ānic occurrences مَخَاض
19:23
فَأَجَآءَهَا ٱلْمَخَاضُ إِلَىٰ جِذْعِ ٱلنَّخْلَةِ قَالَتْ يَـٰلَيْتَنِى مِتُّ قَبْلَ هَـٰذَا وَكُنتُ نَسْيًا مَّنسِيًّا

And the pains of childbirth drove her to the trunk of a palm-tree: She cried (in her anguish): "Ah! would that I had died before this! would that I had been a thing forgotten and out of sight!"

Occurrences of this form in the Qur’ān, not Lane’s choice of verse. They show the word in use; they do not say which sense above applies. Where more occur than are shown, the shortest āyāt are chosen.

Show Lane's original text
The pains of parturition; (S, Msb;) as also مِخَاضٌ . (Msb.) Applied to she-camels, Pregnant: (AZ, As, S, ISd, A, Msb, K, &c.:) used in this sense as an epithet of good omen, whence they augur that their young ones will become agitated in their bellies at the time of parturition: (ISd:) having their young in their bellies: (M, TA:) or such as are called عِشَار , that have been ten months pregnant: (Th, K:) but ISd says, I have not found this explanation of مخاض on any authority beside that of Th: (TA:) [see also عُشَرَآءُ :] it has no proper sing: (S:) a single one is termed خَلِفَةٌ , (AZ, As, S, A, &c,) which is extr. (K, TA) with respect to rule: (TA:) or مَخَاضٌ signifies, or it signifies also, (accord. to different copies of the K,) she-camels in the state in which they are from the time when the stallion is sent among them (ISd, K) until he brays ( حَتَّى يَهْدِرَ ), or, accord. to another relation, until they are left ( حتّى تُغْدَرَ ), i.e., (ISd,) until he ceases ( حتّى يَنْقَطِعَ , in the copies of the K, erroneously, حتى تنقطع , TA) from covering: (ISd, K:) a pl. (K) having no sing. (ISd, K.) Hence, (S,) اِبْنُ مَخَاضٍ A young male camel, which, (As, S, Mgh, Msb, K,) having completed a year (As, S, Mgh) from the day of its birth, (As,) has entered upon the second year: (As, S, Mgh, Msb, K:) because his mother, (S, IAth, Mgh, K,) from whom he has been separated, (S,) has become adjoined to the مَخَاض , (S, IAth, Mgh, K,) or pregnant camels, (IAth, K,) whether she have conceived or not; (S, IAth, * K; *) for they used to make the stallion-camels to cover the females a year after these had brought forth, (IAth, K, *) in order that their young ones might become strong, so that they conceived in the second year: (IAth:) or because its mother has been covered, and has conceived, and become adjoined to the مَخَاض , i.e., to the pregnant camels; and this appellation it bears until it has completed the second year; but when it has entered upon the third, it is called اِبْنُ لَبُونٍ : (Msb:) or a young male camel when his mother has conceived: (K:) or whose mother has become pregnant: or when the she-camels among whom is his mother have become pregnant, though she have not become so: (IAth, K:) the female is called بِنْتُ مَخَاضٍ ; (IAth, Msb, K;) or اِبْنَةُ مَخَاضٍ : (S:) the pl., (S, Msb, K,) of both the male and female appellations, (Msb,) is بَنَاتُ مَخَاضٍ , (S, Msb, K,) only; like بَنَاتُ لَبُونٍ and بَنَاتُ آوَى . (S.) Sometimes one adds to it the article ال , (Msb, K,) saying, اِبْنُ المَخَاضِ : (Msb:) [for] ابن مخاض is indeterminate; and when you desire to make it determinate, you affix the article ال , as above; but this only makes it determinate as a generic appellation. (S.)
Nounمِخَاضٌ1 sense

Core sense — the pains of parturitiongenerated

1

See مَخَاضٌ.

Show Lane's original text
: see مَخَاضٌ .
Nounمَخُوضٌ1 sense

Core sense — churned milk, milk whose butter has been takengenerated

1

See مَاخِضٌ, in two places.

Show Lane's original text
: see مَاخِضٌ , in two places.
Nounمَخِيضٌ1 sense

Core sense — churned milk, milk whose butter has been takengenerated

1

Also مَمْخُوضٌ and مَخْضٌ; see مَحْضٌ.

[Churned milk:] or milk which has been churned and whose butter has been taken; or milk whose butter has been taken; or milk whose butter has been extracted by putting water in it and agitating it.

Show Lane's original text
and مَمْخُوضٌ (S, Msb, K) and مَخْضٌ (TA, voce مَحْضٌ , q. v.) [Churned milk:] or milk which has been churned ( الَّذِى قَدْ مُخِضَ ), and of which the butter has been taken: (S:) or milk of which the butter has been taken: (K:) or milk of which the butter has been extracted, or fetched out, by putting water in it, and agitating it. (Msb.)
Nounمَاخِضٌ2 senses · 1 main

Core sense — taken with the pains of parturition, near to bringing forthgenerated

1figurative · مجاز

Applied to a she-camel, to a woman, to a ewe or she-goat, and to any pregnant animal: taken with the pains of parturition, being near to bringing forth; also مَخُوضٌ.

Applied to a ewe or she-goat: having conceived; and so the latter adjective.

Plural of the former, مُخَّضٌ and مَوَاخِضُ.

1.1figurative · مجاز — inferred

The Arabs say, in one of their imprecations, صَبَّ ٱللّٰهُ عَلَيْكَ أُمَّ حُبَيْنٍ مَاخِضًا, meaning [May God pour upon you] the night. (Ibn-Buzurj)

Show Lane's original text
, applied to a she-camel, (ISh, IAar, S, K,) and to a woman, and a ewe or she-goat, (IAar, Msb, K,) and any pregnant animal, (S, A, * Msb,) Taken with the pains of parturition, (ISh, IAar, S, A, Msb,) being near to bringing forth; (IAar, Msb, K;) as also مَخُوضٌ : (ISh:) and, applied to a ewe or she-goat, having conceived; as also ↓ the latter epithet; (As, K;) pl. of the former, مُخَّضٌ (S, Msb, K) and مَوَاخِضُ . (A, K.) The Arabs say, in one of their imprecations, صَبَّ ٱللّٰهُ عَلَيْكَ أُمَّ حُبَيْنٍ مَاخِضًا , meaning [May God pour upon thee] the night. (Ibn-Buzurj.)
Nounإِمْخَاضٌ2 senses · 1 main

Core sense — fresh or churned milk, as long as it stays in the skingenerated

1

Fresh milk, or churned milk, as long as it remains in the مِمْخَضَة; or, as some say, milk collected in the place of pasturage until it amounts to a camel-load. Plural أَمَا خِيضُ.

One says إِمْخَاضٌ مِنْ لَبَنٍ and إِحْلَابٌ مِنْ لَبَنٍ; or the former is used of ewes or she-goats, or of cows, and the latter of camels. See حلب.

1.1

See also مِمْخَضٌ.

Show Lane's original text
Fresh milk ( حَلِيب ), (K,) or churned milk ( لَبَنٌ مَخِيضٌ ), (Lth,) as long as it remains in the مِمْخَضَة : (Lth, K:) or, as some say, milk collected in the place of pasturage until it amounts to the quantity of a camel-load: pl. أَمَا خِيضُ . (Lth.) You say إِمْخَاضٌ مِنْ لَبَنٍ and إِحْلَابٌ مِنْ لَبَنٍ : (Lth:) or the former is of ewes or she- goats, or of cows; and the latter, of camels. (TA, in art. حلب , q. v.) See also مِمْخَضٌ .
Nounمِمْخَضٌ1 sense

Core sense — a churn, a skin in which milk is churnedgenerated

1

A skin; سِقَآءٌ. Also إِمْخَاضٌ, which Sb mentions and Seer explains in this way.

Or a skin holding مَخِيض [or churned milk, etc.].

Or the receptacle in which the milk whose butter has been taken is agitated.

And مِمْخَضَةٌ [and apparently the former also]: the vessel, or receptacle, generally a skin, in which milk is churned and agitated, or in which the butter of the milk is extracted by putting water in it and agitating it; [i.e. a churn;] the same as إِبْرِيجٌ.

Show Lane's original text
A skin; syn.; سِقَآءٌ ; (K;) as also إِمْخَاضٌ , which is mentioned by Sb, and thus explained by Seer: (TA:) or a skin ( سقاء ) in which is مَخِيض [or churned milk, &c.]: (TA:) or the receptacle in which the milk whereof the butter has been taken is agitated: (Lth:) and مِمْخَضَةٌ [and app. the former also] the vessel, (Mgh,) or receptacle, (Msb,) [generally a skin,] in which milk is churned or beaten and agitated; (Mgh, K; *) or in which the butter of the milk is extracted, or fetched out by putting water in it, and agitating it; (Msb;) [i.e. a churn;] i. q. إِبْرِيجٌ . (S.)
Nounمِمْخَضَةٌ1 sense

Core sense — a churn, a vessel in which milk is churnedgenerated

1

See the word immediately preceding.

Show Lane's original text
: see what next precedes.
Nounمِمْخَاضٌ1 sense

Core sense — a she-camel having a quick flow of milkgenerated

1figurative · مجاز — inferred

A she-camel having a quick flow of milk.

Show Lane's original text
A she-camel having a quick flow of milk. (JK.)
Nounمَمْخُوضٌ1 sense

Core sense — churned milk, milk whose butter has been takengenerated

1

See مَخِيضٌ.

Show Lane's original text
: see مَخِيضٌ .
Nounمُسْتَمْخِضٌ1 sense

Core sense — milk slow in becoming thick and fit for churninggenerated

1

Milk slow in becoming thick and fit for churning; or that hardly becomes so, if at all; and when it has become so, it is churned.

This is the best of the milk of ewes or goats, because its butter is destroyed in it. [But see form 10.]

Show Lane's original text
Milk slow in becoming thick and fit for churning: (K:) or that hardly, if at all, becomes so; and when it has become so, is churned; and this is the best of the milk of ewes or goats, because its butter is destroyed ( استهلك ) in it. (TA.) [But see 10.]