Core sense — he is not, it is not; also used to mean "except"generated
1.1Zeyd is not a person standing—لَيْسَ زَيْدٌ قَائِمًا
A word denoting negation. It is a verb in the past tense, with no other tense, and with no ism fāʿil and no maṣdar; of the measure فَعِلَ. It is originally لَيِسَ, from which it is contracted by dropping a vowel that was found hard to pronounce, so as to make it easy to say, like عَلْمَ for عَلِمَ. The ى is not changed into ا because the word is imperfectly inflected, being used in the past form for the present, that is, because it has no future, no ism fāʿil, no maṣdar and no derivation; so, not being fully inflected like its fellows, it is treated like something that is not a verb, as لَيْتَ.
What shows it to be a verb, and not a particle standing in the place of مَا as Ibn-Es-Sarráj and some after him have asserted, though it is not fully inflected like other verbs, is their saying لَسْتَ and لَسْتُمَا and لَسْتُمْ and لَيْسَا and لَيْسُوا and لَيْسَتْ, just as they say ضَرَبْتَ and ضَرَبْتُمَا and ضَرَبْتُمْ.
Its measure has not been taken to be فَعَلَ, because that is not contracted; nor فَعُلَ, because there is no verb of this measure with ى for its middle radical letter, except هَيُؤَ; but لُسْتَ has been heard, so on that pattern it may be like هَيُؤَ.
The Benoo-Dabbeh say لُسْتُ and لُسْنَا in the sense of لَسْتُ and لَسْنَا, and some of them say لِسْتُ.
But Sb says that the Arabs did not say لِسْتَ as they said خِفْتَ, because ليس is not fully inflected like other verbs.
[There is also another opinion about its origin, which will be mentioned later in this article.]
It is generally a particular, not a universal, negative, and denies a thing at the present time; that is, it denies its predicate. It has the same government as the verb كَانَ and its fellows, putting the subject in the nominative and the predicate in the accusative.
God has not created the like of him, or it—لَيْسَ خَلَقَ ٱللّٰهُ مِثْلَهُ
By means of the context it also denies a thing at a time other than the present, as in this saying of El-Aashà about Moḥammad.
Sometimes it is followed by a verb.
Zeyd is not going away—لَيْسَ زَيْدٌ بِمُنْطَلِقٍ
It differs from its fellows in that the preposition بِ may be prefixed to its predicate; the ب is a means of making the verb transitive, and also strengthens the negation.
One may leave it out, because the strengthening word can be dispensed with, and because some verbs are transitive sometimes by means of a preposition and sometimes without one, as اِشْتَقْتُكَ and اِشْتَقْتُ إِلَيْكَ.
It also differs from its fellows in that its predicate may not be put before it: you may say مُحْسِنًا كَانَ زَيْدٌ but not مُحْسِنًا لَيْسَ زَيْدٌ. Some allow the latter, but others disallow it. Ibn-ʿAkeel on the Alfeeyeh, in the section on كان and its fellows.
the company of men came to me, except Zeyd—جَآءَنِى القَوْمُ لَيْسَ زَيْدًا
It is also used as an exceptive particle, in the place of إِلَّا; in this case too its subject, which is understood, is in the nominative and its predicate in the accusative.
As though you said لَيْسَ الجَائِى زَيْدًا.
In another version أَتَى stands instead of جاءنى, and الآتِى instead of الجائى.
the company of men came to me, excepting you—جَآءَنِى القَوْمُ لَيْسَكَ
The separate pronoun إِيَّاكَ is better here.
it is not perfume, except musk—لَيْسَ الطِّيبُ إِلَّا المِسْكُ
That is, nothing is perfume except musk.
When the predicate after it is connected with إِلَّا, as in the following example, the Benoo-Temeem put it in the nominative.
This has been explained in several ways: some hold الطيب to be the subject of ليس, but its being peculiar to the dialect of Temeem refutes the explanations referred to; others hold ليس to be used here as a particle, and likewise in the saying لَيْسَ خَلَقَ ٱللّٰهُ مِثْلَهُ mentioned above.
Sometimes it is used in the sense of لَا التَّبْرِئَةِ, the لا which denies in a general way to the uttermost, that is, universally or totally, as is said in the K, except that in all the copies of it we find وَإِنَّمَا put by mistake for وَرُبَّمَا.
So in the Qur'ān 2:194 there is لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ, which is the same as لَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ in verse 235 of the same chapter, meaning: there shall be no crime, or sin, chargeable on you.
Sometimes it is also used as a connective particle, in the sense of لا so used.
This has been explained by supposing الغالب to be the subject of ليس and the predicate to be left out; Ibn-Málik says the predicate is an attached pronoun referring to El-Ashram, so that the meaning is لَيْسَهُ الغَالِبُ, the overcomer is not he.
Fr, and also Kh, say that the original of لَيْسَ is لَا أَيْسَ. [In the K I read أَوْ أَصْلُهُ, as in several copies, or rather أَوْ أَصْلُهَا as corrected in the TA, instead of أَوْ مَعْنَاهُ, the reading in the CK.]
bring him, or it, from where he, or it, is, and is not—جِئْ بِهِ مِنْ أَيْسَ وَلَيْسَ
come to me from where he, or it, is, and he, or it, is not—اِيتِنِى مِنْ حَيْثُ أَيْسَ وَلَيْسَ
Fr says this is shown by the following saying.
Or probably the right reading is اِيتِنِى بِهِ, bring to me him, or it; in one copy به has been added in red ink, and in the A we find إِيتِ بِهِ.
Or the meaning is مِنع حَيْثُ لَا وُجْدَ: from where there is no finding, or no being found, or no existence, or no power.
Or أَيْسَ means مَوْجُودٌ, found or existing, and لَا أَيْسَ means لَا مَوْجُودٌ, not found or not existing, and is contracted into لَيْسَ.
[But this last rendering of ايس and لا ايس seems to be taken from a non-literal explanation of another saying: مَا يَعْرِفُ أَيْسَ مِنْ لَيْسَ, he does not know a thing existing from a thing not existing.]
bring him, or it, from where he, or it, is and is not—جِئْ بِهِ مِنْ حَيْثُ وَلَيْسَا
Aboo-ʿAlee relates that Sb said this, meaning وَلَيْسَ, the fetḥah of the س being given its full sound because of the pause.
رُسَّت is here explained as old things, in article رس.
on this sense Here the poet makes it a noun, and declines it.
He has bounties that are not bestowed only on alternate days; and today's giving will not stop it tomorrow
shāhid 1لَهُ نَافِلَاتٌ مَا يُغِبُّ نَوَالُهَاوَلَيْسَ عَطَآءُ اليَوْمِ مَانِعَهُ غَدَا
Where is the place of flight, when God is the pursuer, and El-Ashram is the overcome, not the overcomer?
shāhid 2أَيْنَ المَفَرُّ وَالإِلٰهُ الغَالِبُوَالأَشْرَمُ المَغْلُوبُ لَيْسَ الغَالِبُ
Wants have been forgotten as old things with Keys, since he never stops using the word leysa
shāhid 3قَدْ رُسَّتِ الحَاجَاتُ عِنْدَ قَيْسِإِذْ لَا يَزَالُ مُولَعًا بِلَيْسِ
Qur’ānic occurrences Form 1 1 shown of 85
56:2
لَيْسَ لِوَقْعَتِهَا كَاذِبَةٌThen will no (soul) entertain falsehood concerning its coming.
Occurrences of this form in the Qur’ān, not Lane’s choice of verse. They show the word in use; they do not say which sense above applies. Where more occur than are shown, the shortest āyāt are chosen.
Show Lane's original text
a word denoting negation: (S, A, K:) it is a verb in the pret. tense, (S, A, K, Mughnee,) having no other tense, (Sb, S, M, Msb, Mughnee,) nor a part. n. nor an inf. n.; (Sb, M, Msb; *) of the measure فَعِلَ ; (Mughnee;) originally لَيِسَ , from which it is contracted by the suppression of a vowel, (Sb, * S, M, * K, Mughnee, *) being found difficult of pronunciation, (S,) [i. e.,] to render it easy to pronounce, (K,) like عَلْمَ for عَلِمَ , (Sb, M,) the ى not being changed into ا (Sb, S, M) because it is imperfectly inflected, being used in the pret. form for the present, (S,) [i. e.,] because it has no future, nor part. n., nor inf. n., nor derivation, wherefore, not being perfectly inflected like its coordinates, it is made like that which is not a verb, as لَيْتَ : (Sb, M:) what shows it to be a verb, (S, Mughnee,) not a particle occupying the place of مَا , as Ibn-Es-Sarráj and some others after him have asserted, (Mughnee,) though not perfectly inflected like [other] verbs, (S,) is their saying لَسْتَ and لَسْتُمَا (S, Mughnee) and لَسْتُمْ (S) and لَيْسَا and لَيْسُوا and لَيْسَتْ [&c.], (Mughnee,) like as they say ضَرَبْتَ and ضَرَبْتُمَا and ضَرَبْتُمْ [&c.]: (S:) we have not determined its measure to be فَعَلَ , because this is not contracted; nor فَعُلَ , because there is no verb of this measure with ى for its medial radical letter, except هَيُؤَ ; but لُسْتَ has been heard; so, accord. to this form, it may be like هَيُؤَ : (Mughnee:) the Benoo-Dabbeh say لُسْتُ and لُسْنَا in the sense of لَسْتُ and لَسْنَا ; and some of them say لِسْتُ : (TA, art. لوس :) but Sb says, that the Arabs did not say لِسْتَ , like as they said خِفْتَ , because ليس is not perfectly inflected like [other] verbs. (M.) [There is also another opinion respecting its origin, which will be mentioned in the course of this article.] It [is generally a particular (not a universal) negative, and] denotes the negation of a thing at the present time; (M, Mughnee;) [i. e.] it denotes [thus] the negation of its predicate: (Msb:) and has the same government as the verb كَانَ and its coordinates; (S;) governing the subject in the nom., and the predicate in the accus.: (S, Mughnee:) as when you say, لَيْسَ زَيْدٌ قَائِمًا [Zeyd is not a person standing]: (Msb:) and by means of the context, it denotes the negation of a thing at a time not the present; as in the saying of El-Aashà [respecting Mohammad], 1 [He has bounties the bestowing of which is not on alternate days; and the giving of to-day will not be a preventer of it to-morrow]; and [sometimes when it is followed by a verb, as] in the saying, لَيْسَ خَلَقَ ٱللّٰهُ مِثْلَهُ [God has not created the like of him, or it.] (Mughnee.) But it differs from its coordinates in that the prep. بِ may be prefixed to its predicate: as in the saying, لَيْسَ زَيْدٌ بِمُنْطَلِقٍ [Zeyd is not going away]; the ب being a means of the verb's being trans., and also corroborative of the negation: and one may optionally not introduce it, because one may do without the corroborative, and because some verbs are trans. sometimes by means of a prep. and sometimes without a prep., as اِشْتَقْتُكَ and اِشْتَقْتُ إِلَيْكَ . (S.) It also differs from its coordinates in that its predicate may not be put before it: for you may say مُحْسِنًا كَانَ زَيْدٌ , but not مُحْسِنًا لَيْسَ زَيْدٌ : (S:) or some allow this latter; but others disallow it. (Ibn- 'Akeel on the Alfeeyeh, section on كان and its coordinates.) It is also used as an exceptive particle, (S, M, Mughnee,) in the place of إِلَّا ; (S, Mughnee;) in which case [also] its subject [which is understood] is in the nom. case, and its predicate in the accus.: (S:) you say, جَآءَنِى القَوْمُ لَيْسَ زَيْدًا [The company of men came to me, except Zeyd]; as though you said, لَيْسَ الجَائِى زَيْدًا . (S, M: but in the latter, instead of جاءنى , we find أَتَى ; and instead of الجائى , we find الآتِى .) You may also say, جَآءَنِى القَوْمُ لَيْسَكَ [The company of men came to me, excepting thee]; but the separate pronoun, إِيَّاكَ , is here better. (S.) When the predicate after it is connected with إِلَّا , as in the ex. here next following, Benoo-Temeem make it in the nom. case: thus they say, لَيْسَ الطِّيبُ إِلَّا المِسْكُ [It is not perfume, except musk; meaning, nothing is perfume except musk]: which has been resolved is several ways; some holding الطيب to be the subject of ليس : but its being peculiar to the dial. of Temeem refutes the explanations here referred to: some, again, hold ليس to be here used as a particle; and so in the saying لَيْسَ خَلَقَ ٱللّٰهُ مِثْلَهُ , mentioned above. (Mughnee.) Sometimes it is used in the sense of لَا التَّبْرِئَةِ [the لا which denies in a general manner to the uttermost, i. e., universally, or totally]; as is said in the K, except that in all the copies thereof we find وَإِنَّمَا put by mistake for وَرُبَّمَا : (TA:) [so in the saying in the Kur, ii. 194, لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ , which is the same as لَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ in verse 235 of the same chapter, meaning, There shall be no crime, or sin, chargeable upon you]. Sometimes, also, it is used as a connective particle, (Mughnee,) in the sense of لا so used: (TA:) as in the saying [of a poet], 2 [Where is the place of flight when God is the pursuer, and El-Ashram (meaning Abrahah) is the overcome, not the overcomer?]: which has been resolved by supposing الغالب to be the subject of ليس , and the predicate to be suppressed; the latter being said by Ibn-Málik to be an annexed pronoun referring to El-Ashram; so that the meaning is لَيْسَهُ الغَالِبُ [the overcomer is not he]. (Mughnee.) It is said (M, K) by Fr, (M,) and also by Kh, (TA,) that the original of لَيْسَ is لَا أَيْسَ ; (M, K [in the latter of which I read أَوْ أَصْلُهُ , as in several copies of the K, or rather أَوْ أَصْلُهَا , as corrected in the TA, instead of أَوْ مَعْنَاهُ , the reading in the CK];) and this, says Fr, is shown by the saying, جِئْ بِهِ مِنْ أَيْسَ وَلَيْسَ , i. e., [Bring thou him, or it,] from where he, or it, is, and is not: (M:) or اِيتِنِى مِنْ حَيْثُ أَيْسَ وَلَيْسَ i. e., [Come thou to me, or probably, the right reading is اِيتِنِى بِهِ bring thou to me him, or it, (as I find in a copy of the K, in which به has been added in red ink, and in the A I find إِيتِ بِهِ ,)] from where he, or it, is, and he, or it, is not: (K:) or the meaning is, مِنع حَيْثُ لَا وُجْدَ [from where there is no finding; or no being found, or no existence; or no power, or ability]: (K, * TA:) or أَيْسَ means مَوْجُودٌ [found, or existing], and لَا أَيْسَ [means] لَا مَوْجُودٌ [not found, or not existing], and is contracted [into لَيْسَ ]: (K:) [but the last rendering of ايس and لا ايس seems to be taken from an explanation, not literal, of another saying; مَا يَعْرِفُ أَيْسَ مِنْ لَيْسَ he knows not a thing existing from a thing not existing.] Aboo-'Alee relates, that Sb said, جِئْ بِهِ مِنْ حَيْثُ وَلَيْسَا [Bring thou him, or it, from where he, or it, is and is not]; meaning, وَلَيْسَ , the fet-hah of the س being made full in sound, on account of the pause. (M.) In the saying of a certain poet, 3 [Wants have been forgotten as old things (so رُسَّت is explained in the M, as used here, in art. رس ,) with Keys, since he ceases not to be addicted to the use of the word leysa], it is made by him a noun, and declined. (M.) لَهُ نَافِلَاتٌ مَا يُغِبُّ نَوَالُهَا | وَلَيْسَ عَطَآءُ اليَوْمِ مَانِعَهُ غَدَا أَيْنَ المَفَرُّ وَالإِلٰهُ الغَالِبُ | وَالأَشْرَمُ المَغْلُوبُ لَيْسَ الغَالِبُ قَدْ رُسَّتِ الحَاجَاتُ عِنْدَ قَيْسِ | إِذْ لَا يَزَالُ مُولَعًا بِلَيْسِ