فسد

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Form 1فَسَدَ1 sense

muḍāriʿـُيَفْعُلُ·ـِيَفْعِلُmaṣdarفَسَادٌ

Core sense — it became bad, corrupt, unsound, or spoiledgenerated

1.1it (a thing), or he (a man), became bad, evil, corrupt, unsound, wrong, improper, wicked, depraved, or dishonest—استفسد

which is the commonly known form, and فَسِدَ, which is of weak authority; also the verb فَسُدَ.

Maṣdar فَسَادٌ and فُسُودٌ: the first is the maṣdar of فَسَدَ, and so is the second; the first is also the maṣdar of فَسُدَ. Or the first belongs to فَسُدَ and the second to فَسَدَ. Or the first is a simple noun and the second is the maṣdar.

Devoid of virtue or efficacy; in a corrupted, marred, spoiled, injured, deteriorated, or tainted state; in a state of disorder, destruction, waste, or ruin. The opposite of صَلَحَ: it became altered in state for the worse. Also: it became null, void, of no force or account, or came to nothing; this is how most of the commentators explain the example in the Qur'ān 21:22.

Qur’ān 21:22 approximate — somewhere between 21:12 and 21:30 Lane cites “Kur xxi. 22”

Qur’ān 21:22 the verse Lane’s citation points to, and it uses this root

لَوْ كَانَ فِيهِمَآ ءَالِهَةٌ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ لَفَسَدَتَا ۚ فَسُبْحَـٰنَ ٱللَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَرْشِ عَمَّا يَصِفُونَ

If there were, in the heavens and the earth, other gods besides Allah, there would have been confusion in both! but glory to Allah, the Lord of the Throne: (High is He) above what they attribute to Him!Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān (1934)

Qur’ānic occurrences Form 1 1 shown of 3

21:22

Occurrences of this form in the Qur’ān, not Lane’s choice of verse. They show the word in use; they do not say which sense above applies. Where more occur than are shown, the shortest āyāt are chosen.

Show Lane's original text

, aor. فَسُدَ , (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K, &c.,) which is the aor. commonly known, (TA,) and فَسِدَ , (IDrd, M, O, L, K,) which is of weak authority; (IDrd, O, TA;) and فَسُدَ , aor. فَسُدَ ; (S, M, O, L, K;) inf. n. فَسَادٌ (S. M, A, O, L, K) and فُسُودٌ , (M, O, L, K,) the former being inf. n. of فَسَدَ , aor. فَسُدَ , (S, A, O,) and so the latter, and the former being also inf. n. of فَسُدَ , (O,) or the former is of فَسُدَ and the latter is of فَسَدَ , (TA,) or the former is a simple subst., and the latter is the inf. n.; (Msb;) It (a thing, S, A, O) [and he (a man)] was, or became, bad, evil, corrupt, unsound, wrong, wrongful, improper, unrighteous, wicked, vitious, depraved, or dishonest; devoid of virtue, or efficacy; in a corrupted, vitiated, perverted, marred, spoiled, injured, impaired, deteriorated, tainted, or infected, state; in a state of disorder or disturbance, destruction, annihilation, consumption, waste, or ruin; (MA, KL, PS, &c.;) and so استفسد : (KL:) contr. of صَلَحَ : (M, * L, K:) it became altered in its state [for the worse]: and it became null, void, of no force, or of no account; or it came to nought, or perished; accord. to the explanation by most of the expositors of the ex. in the Kur xxi. 22. (MF.)

Form 2فَسَّدَ1 sense

Core sense — he made it bad, corrupt, or spoiledgenerated

2.1

See form 4, first sentence.

Show Lane's original text

see 4, first sentence.

Form 3فاسدهُ1 sense

Core sense — he became at variance with him, he broke off friendship with himgenerated

3.1[Such a one cuts the ties of friendship, or of kindred, with his people, tribe, or near relations]—فُلَانٌ يُفَاسِدُ رَهْطَهُ

He became at variance with him; he cut, severed, or broke, the tie of friendship, or of kindred, with him. See art. كشح.

Show Lane's original text

He became at variance with him; he cut, severed, or broke, the tie of friendship [or kindred] with him. (L in art. كشح .) And فُلَانٌ يُفَاسِدُ رَهْطَهُ [Such a one cuts the ties of friendship, or kindred, with his people, tribe, or near kinsfolk]. (A.)

Form 4افسد1 sense

maṣdarإفْسَادٌ

Core sense — he made it bad, corrupt, or spoiled; he acted corruptly; he stirred up discordgenerated

4.1he, or it, made bad, evil, corrupt, unsound, wrong, improper, wicked, depraved, or dishonest—فسّد

and as a quasi-maṣdar فَسَادٌ; the maṣdar of the other form is تَفْسِيدٌ. Also: deprived of virtue or efficacy; corrupted, marred, spoiled, injured, deteriorated, or tainted; constituted, disposed, or arranged badly; disordered, disorganized, destroyed, consumed, wasted, or ruined. The opposite of أصْلَحَ.

[He rendered the property bad; marred, impaired, consumed, or wasted it]—افسد المَالَ

[He corrupted, perverted, or marred their state, case, affair, scheme, or plot]—افسد عَلَيْهِمْ

أَمْرَهُمْ, or the like, being understood.

[He corrupted him and made him disaffected towards me]—افسدهُ عَلَىَّ

injuring a child by making its mother pregnant while she is suckling it, and so spoiling her milk—إِفْسَادُ صَبِىٍّ

This occurs in a tradition; the act is also called الغِيلَهُ.

افسد is the opposite of أَصْلَحَ. Also: he created, or stirred up, disorder, disturbance, disagreement, discord, dissension, strife, or quarrelling; or he made mischief. Construed with إِلَيْهِ for the person wronged, and with بَيْنَ القَوْمِ for 'between, or among, the people, or party'. See also form 10.

Qur’ānic occurrences Form 4 1 shown of 15

26:152

ٱلَّذِينَ يُفْسِدُونَ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ وَلَا يُصْلِحُونَ

"Who make mischief in the land, and mend not (their ways)."

Show Lane's original text

, (S, M, O, L, Msb, K, &c.,) inf. n. إفْسَادٌ and [quasi-inf.n.] فَسَادٌ ; (L;) and فسّد , (O, L, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَفْسِيدٌ ; (O, K;) He, or it, made, or rendered, bad, evil, corrupt, unsound, wrong, wrongful, improper, unrighteous, wicked, vitious, depraved, or dishonest; deprived of virtue, or efficacy; corrupted, vitiated, perverted, marred, spoiled, injured, impaired, deteriorated, tainted, or infected; [constituted, disposed, arranged, or qualified, ill, wrongly, or improperly;] disordered, or disturbed, [disorganized,] destroyed, annihilated, consumed, wasted, or ruined; (MA, KL, &c.;) contr. of أصْلَحَ . (M, L, K.) One says, افسد المَالَ [He rendered the property in a bad state; marred, impaired, consumed, or wasted, it]. (L.) [And افسد عَلَيْهِمْ He corrupted, perverted, or marred, their state, case, affair, scheme, plot, or the like; أَمْرَهُمْ , or the like, being understood. And افسدهُ عَلَىَّ He corrupted him and rendered him disaffected towards me.] إِفْسَادُ صَبِىٍّ , occurring in a trad., means The injuring a child by rendering its mother pregnant while she is suckling it and so vitiating her milk: which act is also termed الغِيلَهُ . (L.) [And افسد as contr. of أَصْلَحَ signifies also He acted in a bad, an evil, or a corrupt, manner; acted ill, corruptly, wrongly, wrongfully, improperly, unrighteously, wickedly, vitiously, or dishonestly; or did evil, or mischief; إِلَيْهِ to him: and he created, or excited, disorder, disturbance, disagreement, discord, dissension, strife, or quarrel-ling; or made, or did, mischief; بَيْنَ القَوْمِ between, or among, the people, or party. (See also 10.)]

Form 6تفاسدوا1 sense

Core sense — they became at variance with one anothergenerated

6.1

They became at variance, one with another; they cut, severed, or broke, the tie of kindred, and of friendship, one with another.

Show Lane's original text

They became at variance, one with another; (M, L;) they cut, severed, or broke, the tie of kindred, (M, L, K,) and of friendship, (L,) one with another. (M, L, K.)

Form 7انفسد1 sense

Core sense — it became bad, corrupt, or spoiledgenerated

7.1

As a quasi-passive of أَفْسَدَهُ, this form is not allowable, or has not been heard.

Show Lane's original text

[as quasi-pass. of أَفْسَدَهُ ] is not allowable, (S, L,) or has not been heard. (K.)

Form 10استفسد8 senses · 1 main

Core sense — he regarded it as corrupt; he sought to corrupt it; he made him rebelliousgenerated

10.1

The opposite of اِسْتَصْلَحَ.

Hence: he regarded, or considered, a thing, or a man, as bad, evil, corrupt, unsound, wrong, improper, wicked, depraved, or dishonest. See form 1.

10.1.1

And: he wished, or desired, a thing, or a man, to be bad, evil, corrupt, and the like.

10.1.2

And: he sought to render a thing, or a man, bad, evil, corrupt, and the like.

10.1.3[The prince, or governor, treats his subjects in such a way as to make them disaffected, or rebellious]—الأَمِيرُ يَسْتَفْسِدُ رَعِيَّتَهُ

The Sultan drove the leader of his forces to rebellion by his bad treatment of him—استفسدالسُّلْطَانُ قَائِدَهُ

on this sense And hence: he treated someone in such a way as to make him disaffected, or rebellious.

10.1.4[Such a one sought to act in a bad, an evil, or a corrupt manner towards such a one]—استفسد فُلَانٌ إِلَى فُلَانٍ

And: he sought to act in a bad, an evil, or a corrupt manner; to act wrongly, improperly, unrighteously, or dishonestly.

10.1.5

And: he sought discord, or dissension.

10.1.6

And: it (an event) happened in a bad, or an evil, way.

10.1.7

Derived nouns 5

Nounفَسَادٌ2 senses · 1 main

Core sense — badness, corruptness, a state of disorder or ruin; drought, scarcitygenerated

1[The war of evildoing]—حَرْبُ الفَسَادِ

A maṣdar of form 1, or a simple noun; as a noun: badness, evilness, corruptness, unsoundness, wrongness, impropriety, unrighteousness, wickedness, depravity, or dishonesty; the state of being devoid of virtue or efficacy; a corrupted, marred, spoiled, deteriorated, or tainted state; a state of disorder, disturbance, destruction, consumption, waste, or ruin. The opposite of صَلَاحٌ.

It is also often used as a quasi-maṣdar with the same meaning as إِفْسَادٌ: the making bad, evil, or corrupt (see form 4); and, more often, the acting badly, corruptly, wrongly, improperly, unrighteously, wickedly, or dishonestly, the doing of evil or mischief, and the creating or stirring up of disorder, disagreement, discord, dissension, strife, or quarrelling. In particular, also, the taking of property wrongfully.

This was the name given to a war that took place between the two sub-tribes بَنُوشك — apparently a miscopying for شِبْكٍ — and غَوْث, of the tribe of طَىِّء. It was so called because one party patched their sandals with the ears of the other, and one party drank wine out of the skulls of the other.

1.1Drought, and the like, has appeared in the land, and in the cities that are upon the rivers—ظَهَرَ ٱلْفَسَادُ فِى البَرِّ وَ ٱلْبَحْرِ

So in the Qur'ān 30:40, according to Zj; or according to Ez-Zejjájee.

Also: drought, barrenness, dearth, or scarcity of good.

Show Lane's original text

an inf. n. of 1: (S, M, A, &c.:) or a simple subst.: (Msb:) [as a subst. signifying] Badness, evilness, corruptness, unsoundness, wrongness, wrongfulness, impropriety, unrighteousness, wickedness, vitiousness, depravity, or dishonesty; the state of being devoid of virtue or efficacy; a corrupted, vitiated, perverted, marred, spoiled, deteriorated, or tainted, state; a state of disorder or disturbance, or of destruction, annihilation, consumption, waste, or ruin: (MA, KL, PS, &c.:) contr. of صَلَاحٌ . (Lth, M, Msb.) And it is also [frequently used as a quasi-inf. n.] syn. with إِفْسَادٌ [signifying The making, or rendering, bad, evil, corrupt, &c.: (see 4:) and, oftener, the acting ill, corruptly, wrong, wrongfully, improperly, unrighteously, wickedly, vitiously, or dishonestly; doing evil, or mischief; and creating, or exciting, disorder, disturbance, disagreement, discord, dissension, strife, or quarrelling]: (L:) and [particularly] the taking property wrongfully. (O, K.) [Hence,] حَرْبُ الفَسَادِ [The war of evildoing]: thus was termed a war that happened between [the two sub-tribes] بَنُوشك [in which the latter word is app. a mistranscription for شِبْكٍ ] and غَوْث , of the tribe of طَىِّء : it was so termed because one party patched their sandals with the cars of the other, and one party drank wine out of the skulls of the other. (MF.) Also Drought, barrenness, dearth, or scarcity of good: (M, L, K:) so in the Kur [xxx. 40], ظَهَرَ ٱلْفَسَادُ فِى البَرِّ وَ ٱلْبَحْرِ i. e. Drought, &c., hath appeared in the land, and in the cities that are upon the rivers; (M, L, TA;) accord. to Zj; (M;) or accord. to Ez-Zejjájee. (L, TA.)

Nounفَسِيدٌ1 sense

Core sense — bad, corrupt, unsound, spoiledgenerated

See the next entry.

Show Lane's original text

: see the next paragraph.

Nounفَاسِدٌ1 sense

Core sense — bad, corrupt, unsound, spoiledgenerated

1bad, evil, corrupt, unsound, wrong, improper, wicked, depraved, or dishonest; devoid of virtue or efficacy—فَسِيدٌ

This is the ism fāʿil of فَسُدَ, while the headword is the ism fāʿil of فَسَدَ.

Also: in a corrupted, marred, spoiled, injured, deteriorated, or tainted state; in a state of disorder, disturbance, destruction, consumption, waste, or ruin. The opposite of صَالِحٌ and صَلِيحٌ.

Plural فَسْدَى, irregular for the first of the two forms and regular for the second, applied to a people, as they also said سَاقِطٌ and سَقْطَى; the plural is made on the pattern of هَلْكَى, because these two words are close in meaning.

Show Lane's original text

, (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K, &c.,) part. n. of فَسَدَ ; (S, M, A, &c.;) and فَسِيدٌ , (S, M, O, L, K,) part. n. of فَسُدَ ; (S, O;) Bad, evil, corrupt, unsound, wrong, wrongful, improper, unrighteous, wicked, vitious, depraved, or dishonest; devoid of virtue, or efficacy; in a corrupted, vitiated, perverted, marred, spoiled, injured, impaired, deteriorated, tainted, or infected, state; in a state of disorder or disturbance, destruction, annihilation, consumption, waste, or ruin: (MA, KL, PS, &c.: [contr. of صَالِحٌ and صَلِيحٌ , as is indicated in the S and M &c.:]) pl. (of the former, S, O, Msb, [dev. from general analogy, and of the latter agreeably therewith,]) فَسْدَى , (S, M, O, Msb, K,) applied to a people, (S, M, O,) like as they said سَاقِطٌ and سَقْطَى ; (S, O;) the pl. being made of the same form as هَلْكَى because these two words are nearly the same in meaning. (Sb, M.)

Nounأَفْسَدُ1 sense

Core sense — more, or most, corrupt; more, or most, corruptinggenerated

1[More corrupt, or unsound] than the egg that the ostrich leaves in the desert—أَفْسَدُ مِنْ بَيْضَةِ البَلَدِ

A noun of the comparative and superlative degrees, from الفَسَادُ, as in this proverb.

The ostrich does not return to the egg, and so it becomes corrupt, or unsound.

[More corrupting, or marring, than the locust]—أَفْسَدَ مِنَ الجَرَادِ

And, irregularly, from الإِفْسَادُ, as in this proverb, because the locust strips the trees and the herbage; and as in other proverbs.

Show Lane's original text

is [a noun denoting the comparative and superlative degrees] from الفَسَادُ ; as in the prov., أَفْسَدُ مِنْ بَيْضَةِ البَلَدِ i. e. [More corrupt, or unsound, &c.,] than the egg that the ostrich leaves in the desert, not returning to it, in consequence of which it becomes corrupt, or unsound, &c.: and, anomalously, from الإِفْسَادُ ; as in the prov., أَفْسَدَ مِنَ الجَرَادِ [i. e. More corrupting, or marring, &c., than the locust], because it strips the trees and the herbage; and as in other provs. (Meyd.)

Nounمَفْسَدَةٌ1 sense

Core sense — a cause, or occasion, of evil or corruptiongenerated

1[This affair, or event, is a cause of evil to such a thing]—هٰذَا الأَمْرِ مَفْسَدَةٌ لِكَذَا

A cause, means, or occasion of فَسَاد, that is, of badness, evilness, corruptness, or unsoundness, or of the making of a thing bad, evil, or corrupt. The opposite of مَصْلَحَةٌ. Plural مَفَاسِدُ.

[They are of the people who do things that are causes of evil, not things that are causes of good]—هُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ المَفَاسِدِ لَا المَصَالِحِ

Show Lane's original text

A cause, or means, or an occasion, of فَسَاد [i. e. badness, evilness, corruptness, unsoundness, &c.; or making, or rendering, bad, evil, corrupt, &c.]; (M, A;) contr. of مَصْلَحَةٌ : (S, O, Msb, K:) pl. مَفَاسِدُ . (A, Msb.) One says, هٰذَا الأَمْرِ مَفْسَدَةٌ لِكَذَا [This affair, or event, is cause of evil, &c., to such a thing]. (M.) And هُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ المَفَاسِدِ لَا المَصَالِحِ [They are of the people who do actions that are causes of evil, not actions that are causes of good]. (A.)