شكر

شَكَرَهُ is also said, but the form above is the more chaste, and the other stands in its place.

maṣdar شُكْرٌ, شُكْرَانٌ, and شُكُورٌ, which last, in Qur. 76:9, may be either a maṣdar or a plural of شُكْرٌ [used as a simple noun].

[But in the S the verb in the first sense has only شُكْرٌ for its maṣdar, and it is implied that in the second sense its only maṣdar is شُكْرَانٌ, as will be seen below.]

Also شَكَرَ ٱللّٰهَ, which is less common than that form and even disallowed by As in prose, though allowed by him in verse; and شَكَرَ بِٱللّٰهِ, شَكَرَ نِعْمَةَ ٱللّٰهِ, شَكَرَ بِنِعْمَةِ ٱللّٰهِ, and شَكَرَ لِلّٰهِ نِعْمَتَهُ; maṣdar شُكْرٌ and شُكْرَانٌ [and شُكُورٌ].

He acknowledged the kindness of God and acted as he was bound to act, obeying Him and abstaining from disobedience, so that شُكْر is in word and in deed.

تَشَكَّرَ لَهُ means the same as شَكَرَ لَهُ.

So in the L, in the article حمد.

There are many explanations of شَكَرَ besides those given above; what follows shows its meanings more fully.

شُكْرٌ is thanking a benefactor, or praising him for a benefit; or being grateful; or acknowledging kindness and speaking of it at length; and it is only for favour received. شُكْرَانٌ is the same, and is the opposite of كُفْرَانٌ.

[In the copies of the K, "or", but this is evidently a mistake.]

شُكْرٌ sometimes differs from حَمْدٌ: شكر is only for favour received, whereas حمد is sometimes for favour received and sometimes for other causes; so it is of wider application.

So you do not say شَكَرْتُهُ عَلَى شَجَاعَتِهِ, but you say حَمِدْتُهُ على شجاعته.

Or شُكْرٌ is wider than حَمْدٌ with respect to its kinds and means, and more specific with respect to the objects it relates to; while the latter is wider in its objects and more specific in its means. The former is, with the heart, being humble and submissive; with the tongue, praising and acknowledging kindness; and with the limbs, obeying and submitting; and its object is the benefactor, not his essential qualities.

So one does not say شَكَرْنَا ٱللّٰهَ عَلَى حَيَاتِهِ [we thanked God for his existence]; but He is مَحْمُود on that account, as He is for his kindness; and شُكْرٌ is also for kindness.

Thus حَمْدٌ relates to every object that شُكْرٌ relates to, but not the reverse; and everything by which حمد is rendered is something by which شكر is rendered, but not the reverse, for the latter is by means of the limbs and the former by means of the tongue.

شُكْرٌ is of three kinds: with the heart, forming an [adequate] idea of the benefit; with the tongue, praising the benefactor; and with the limbs, requiting the benefit as it deserves.

It rests on five foundations: the humility of the one who renders it towards the one to whom it is rendered; his love of him; his acknowledgment of his benefit; his praising him for it; and his not using the benefit in a way the giver dislikes.

It is also explained as devotion of the heart to love of the benefactor, of the limbs to obeying him, and of the tongue to mentioning and praising him. [There are several other explanations which need not be added.]

Some say it is formed by transposition from كَشْرٌ, "the act of uncovering, or exposing to view"; others that it is from عَيْنٌ شَكْرَى, "a full fountain, or eye", and on that etymology it would mean being full of the praise of the benefactor.

Or she (a camel) got a good share of leguminous herbage or other pasture and so abounded with milk after having had little milk; and she (a beast) became fat and her udder became full of milk.

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Said of a tree..

That is, what grows around it, from its أَصْل [i.e. root, or base, or stem]; also اشكرت and اشتكرت. Or its شَكِير, i.e. sappy twigs or shoots from its stem, or small leaves beneath the large, became abundant.

I showed him that I was grateful to him.

The people's camels had their udders full of milk; or the people's camels became fat; or the people milked a camel, sheep, or goat whose udder was full of milk, that is, one termed شَكِرَة; or the people milked camels, sheep, or goats having their udders full of milk, one such after another.

[But for اِحْتَلَبُوا شَكْرَةً شَكْرَةً in the O, and شُكْرَةً شُكْرَةً in the TA, I read احتلبوا شَكِرَةً شَكِرَةً, in agreement with what precedes.]

Or the people, having stopped in a place where their camels found herbs, or leguminous plants, got abundance of milk from them.

See form 1, in three places.

This meaning belongs to the headword as well.

Also it became what is termed شَكِير [q.v.].

The headword has either of these meanings; plural شِكَارٌ.

لَحْمُهَا, given in the K as the second explanation, is a mistake for لَحْمُهُ.

It is said in a tradition, نَهَى عَنْ شَكْرِ البَغِىِ, meaning: he forbade paying hire for prostitution; the word ثَمَنِ is understood as prefixed to شكر.

Also a maṣdar of شَكَرَ; it may [be used as a simple noun, and as such] have for its plural شُكُورٌ.

See شَكْرٌ.

[Fulness of the udder of a camel; and so شَكَرِيَّةٌ is explained in the TK.] A noun from أَشْكَرَ القَوْمُ [q.v.].

So in the L and other lexicons; or الشَّكَرَةِ (so in my copies of the S), or الشَّكَرِيَّةِ.

That is, when the camels abound with milk, or have their udders full, from the herbage called رَبِيع.

See the preceding entry.

A she-camel, or ewe or she-goat, having her udder full of milk, whatever fodder or herbage she has eaten; and so مِشْكَارٌ.

Or the first is one that has got a good share of leguminous herbage, or of other pasture, and in consequence abounds with milk after having had little milk; and the second is one that abounds with milk though it has had only a small share of pasture; or one that abounds with milk in summer and stops in winter.

Plural of the first شَكَارَى, applied to camels and to sheep or goats, and شَكْرَى and شَكِرَاتٌ. شَكَارَى is applied to camels and to sheep or goats as meaning abounding with milk, or having their udders full, from the herbage called رَبِيع. [شَكْرَى is also a singular adjective with a similar meaning, as well as a plural.]

Or [a piece of flesh-meat] flowing with grease, or gravy. [But in my copy قِدْرَةٌ is wrongly put for فِدْرَةٌ.]

Plural شَكَارَى.

See the four preceding sentences.

See شُكْرَةٌ, in two places.

An intensive adjective.

Or one who is earnest, or does his utmost, in thanking his Lord, or in being grateful to Him, by obeying Him and performing his appointed religious services; or one who does his utmost in showing gratitude with his heart, his tongue, and his limbs, with firm belief and with acknowledgment [of benefits received]; or one who sees his own inability to be sufficiently grateful; or one who gives thanks for probation, or for what is denied him.

Plural شُكُرٌ.

The shoots that grow around a tree, from its أَصْل [i.e. root, or base, or stem]; or sappy twigs or shoots that grow from the stem of a tree; or small leaves beneath the large; or fresh and tender twigs or shoots that grow among such as have become thick and tough.

And what grows at, or upon, the أُصُول [i.e. roots, or bases, or stems] of large trees; or small leaves that grow at, or upon, the root, base, or stem of a tree; and offsets, or suckers, or sprouts, of palm-trees; and the leaves that are around the branches of the palm-tree (Yaʿḳoob).

And plants, and hair, and feathers, and abundant ostrich-feathers, such as are small growing among such as are large; or the first herbage growing after other herbage that has become dried up and dusty; and downy hair, or down; and any soft, fine hair; or hair growing among the plaits. Plural شُكُرٌ.

And weak hair; and hair at the roots of a horse's mane, like down, and in the forelock; and the hair that is next to the face and the back of the neck; and branches (AHn, K; in the CK والغُصُونِ is wrongly put for والغُصُونُ); and the bark of trees. Plural شُكُرٌ.

The plural also means the long shoots of a grape-vine, or its higher, or highest, shoots; and the singular, a grape-vine growing from a planted shoot.

Forelocks, as though a plural of شَكِيرَةٌ [which may be the ism waḥda of شَكِيرٌ].

[A name applied in the present day to Cichorium intybus and endivia; wild and garden succory, and endive; also هِنْدَبَى, correctly هِنْدَبًى.]

A hired man, or hireling; one taken as a servant.

An arabicized word, from the Persian چَاكَرْ.

See the next entry.

And شَيْكَرَانٌ [in the CK, wrongly, شَكْرَان and with damm to the ك]; or the correct form is شَيْكُرَانٌ, with damm to the ك, as Ibn-Hishám El-Lakhmee and El-Fárábee have expressly stated; or it is correctly with س unpointed, and so AHn mentions it [but see سَيْكُرَانٌ]; or correctly شَوْكَرَانٌ, as Sgh holds.

[Thus it is written in several medical books, from the Persian شَوْكَرَانْ; according to Golius, Cicuta herba, and applied in the present day to conium, i.e. hemlock, or a species of it; and this is probably what Golius means, since conium maculatum, the common hemlock, is called by some cicuta.]

A certain plant, of the kind called حَمْض, the stem of which is like that of the رَازِيَانَج [or fennel], and the leaves of which are like those of the species of cucumber called قِثَّآء, or, as some say, like those of the يَبْرُوح [q.v.], but smaller; it has a white flower and a slender stem, without any fruit, and its seed is like that of the نَانَخَوَاة [or ammi], or of the أَنِيسُون [or anise], without taste or smell, and mucilaginous.

[More, and most, thankful, or grateful; for an example see بَرْوَقٌ.]

Herbage that causes milk to be copious.

In the CK مُشْكِرَةٌ. [In the CK, مُغْزَرَةُ اللَّبَنِ is wrongly put for مَغْزَرَةٌ لِلَّبَنِ.]

See شَكِرَةٌ, in two places.

A violent wind; or, as some say, a contrary wind — but ISd says that this is a mistake.