Core sense — a food of dates and fresh butter; any deadly food; a tree in Hellgenerated
1
Fresh butter with dates, in the dialect of Ifreekeeyeh; or a certain food of the Arabs containing dates and fresh butter.
1.2The tree of الزَّقُّوم is indeed the food of the sinner—إِنَّ شجَرَةَ ٱلزَّقُّومِ طَعَامُ ٱلْأَثِيمِ
I'Ab says that when this saying [Kur 44:43 and 44] was revealed, Aboo-Jahl said, “Dates and fresh butter: we will swallow it leisurely,” and so God revealed these other words [Kur 37:62 and 63].
It is a tree coming forth in the bottom of Hell, its fruit as though it were the heads of devils, or of terrible serpents, foul in appearance, having manes—إِنَّهَا شَجَرَةٌ تَخْرُجُ فِى أَصْلِ ٱلْجَحِيمِ طَلْعُهَا كَأَنَّهُ رُؤُوسُ ٱلشَّيَاطِينِ
So explained by Bd.
on this sense The food of the people of the fire of Hell; a certain tree in Hell.
on this sense It is called this after a tree described next.
Qur’ān 44:45 approximate — somewhere between 44:25 and 44:59 Lane cites “Kur xliv. 43”
Lane cites “Bd in xxxvii. 60” — a commentary, not the verse; no modern number is given
Qur’ān 44:43 located by this root inside the range Lane’s citation allows
إِنَّ شَجَرَتَ ٱلزَّقُّومِVerily the tree of ZaqqumAbdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān (1934)
1.3
A certain tree with small leaves, stinking, and bitter, found in Tihámeh.
AHn says, on the authority of an Arab of the desert, of Azd es-Saráh, that the زَقُّوم is a dust-coloured tree with small round leaves, without thorns, with a pungent odour (ذَفِرَة [perhaps a mistranscription for دَفِرَة, meaning stinking]), and bitter, with many knots in its stems, and a small, very weak flower which the bees eat, or lick, for making honey; its flower is white, and the tips of its leaves are very ugly.
[Or] a certain plant of the desert, with a flower like the jasmine in form.
1.4
Also a certain tree in Areehà [that is, Jericho], in the district called the Ghowr, with a fruit like the date, sweet, with an astringent and bitter quality.
The oil of its stone is highly valued for its benefits, and works wonderfully in dispersing the cold kinds of flatus, phlegmatic disorders, pains of the joints, gout in the foot, sciatica, and the flatus shut up in the socket of the hip. Seven drachms of it by weight is drunk for three days or five days, and it often makes the crippled and those who have lost the power of motion get up and stand.
It is said that it was originally the species of إِهْلِيلَج [or myrobalan] called كَابُلِىّ, which the Benoo-Umeiyeh brought from India and planted in Areehà; and when it had long remained there, the soil of Areehà changed it from the natural character of the اهليلج.
Qur’ānic occurrences زَقُّوم
37:62
أَذَٰلِكَ خَيْرٌ نُّزُلًا أَمْ شَجَرَةُ ٱلزَّقُّومِIs that the better entertainment or the Tree of Zaqqum?
44:43
إِنَّ شَجَرَتَ ٱلزَّقُّومِVerily the tree of Zaqqum
56:52
لَـَٔاكِلُونَ مِن شَجَرٍ مِّن زَقُّومٍ"Ye will surely taste of the Tree of Zaqqum.
Occurrences of this form in the Qur’ān, not Lane’s choice of verse. They show the word in use; they do not say which sense above applies. Where more occur than are shown, the shortest āyāt are chosen.
Show Lane's original text
Fresh butter with dates; (M, K;) in the dial. of Ifreekeeyeh: (M, TA:) or a certain food of the Arabs, in which are dates and fresh butter. (S.) Also Any deadly food. (Th, TA.) The food of the people of the fire [of Hell]. (ISd, K.) A certain tree in Hell: (K:) [respecting which] I'Ab says that when the saying [in the Kur xliv. 43 and 44] إِنَّ شجَرَةَ ٱلزَّقُّومِ طَعَامُ ٱلْأَثِيمِ [Verily the tree of الزَّقُّوم shall be the food of the sinner] was revealed, Aboo-Jahl said, “Dates and fresh butter: we will swallow it leisurely:” therefore God revealed [these other words of the Kur, xxxvii. 62 and 63,] إِنَّهَا شَجَرَةٌ تَخْرُجُ فِى أَصْلِ ٱلْجَحِيمِ طَلْعُهَا كَأَنَّهُ رُؤُوسُ ٱلشَّيَاطِينِ [Verily it is a tree coming forth in the bottom of Hell, the fruit thereof being as though it were the heads of the devils, or of terrible serpents, foul in aspect, having manes, as expl. by Bd]: (S:) it is thus called after a tree of which a description here follows. (Bd in xxxvii. 60.) A certain tree having small leaves, stinking ( دَفِرَة ), and bitter, found in Tihámeh: (Bd ubi suprà:) AHn says, (S, TA, [but this passage is only in one of my two copies of the S,]) on the authority of an Arab of the desert, of Azd es-Saráh, that the زَقُّوم is a dust-coloured tree, (S, TA,) having small round leaves, without thorns, (TA,) having a pungent odour ( ذَفِرَة [perhaps a mistranscription for دَفِرَة i. e. stinking]), and bitter, having knots in its stems, (S, TA,) many in number, and a small and very weak flower, which the bees eat, or lick, for making honey; (S, TA;) its flower is white; and the heads of its leaves are very foul, or ugly: (S, * TA:) [or] a certain plant in the desert ( البَادِيَة ), having a flower resembling in form the jasmine. (K.) Also A certain tree in Areehà [i. e. Jericho], of [the district called] the Ghowr, having a fruit like the date, sweet, with an astringent and bitter quality; the stone of which has an oil greatly esteemed for its beneficial properties, wonderful of operation in dispersing the cold kinds of flatus, and phlegmatic disorders, and pains of the joints, and gout in the foot ( نِقْرِس ), and sciatica, and the flatus that is confined in the socket of the hip: the weight of seven drachms thereof is drunk three days or five days; and sometimes, or often, it makes to rise and stand the crippled and those who are deprived of the power of motion: it is said that its original was the [species of] إِهْلِيلَج [or myrobalan] called كَابُلِىّ , which the Benoo-Umeiyeh removed (from India, TA), and planted in Areehà; and when it had long remained, the soil of Areehà altered it from the natural character of the اهليلج . (K.)