اثم

Form 1 · Form 2 · Form 4 · Form 5 · 17 entries · Qur'ānic frequency 48

Form 1أَثِمَ3 senses · 2 main

muḍāriʿـَيَفْعَلُ·ـُيَفْعُلُ·ـِيَفْعِلُيَؤْثِمُهُmaṣdarإِثْمٌ أَثْمٌ

Core sense — he sinned, he committed a crime; the she-camel was slowgenerated

1.1a sin, a crime—إِثْمٌ

maṣdar إِثْمٌ or أَثَمٌ, the first of these being a simple noun; also مَأْثَمٌ. He fell into sin: he sinned, he committed a crime, he did what was unlawful.

the same as إِثْمٌ—تَأْثِيمٌ

It may be a maṣdar of أَثَمَ, which ISd says he has not heard, or, as Sb holds, a simple noun like تَنْبِيتٌ; and it is said to be used in the sense of إِثْم in the Qurʾān 52:23 and 56:24.

[It should be added that تأْثَامٌ, like تَكْذَابٌ, means the same as تأْثِيمٌ and إِثْمٌ, and, like تأثيم, may be a maṣdar of أَثَّمَ or a simple noun: see an example under بَرُوقٌ.]

In the dialect of some of the Arabs the first letter of the muḍāriʿ takes kesr, as in تِعْلَمُ and نِعْلَمُ; and since the hemzeh in إِثْمٌ has kesr, the radical hemzeh in the muḍāriʿ is changed to ى, so that they say إِيثَمُ and تِيثَمُ for آثَمُ and تَأْثَمُ.

on this sense In the saying

shāhid

لَوْ قُلْتَ مَا فِى قَوْمَهَا لَمْ تِيثَمِيَفْضُلَهَا فِى حَسَبٍ وَمِيسَمِ

the meaning is: [If you said so, you would not sin, or do wrong, in saying it,] there is not among her people anyone who excels her [in grounds for claiming respect, and in stamp of beauty].

Qur’ān 52:23 approximate — somewhere between 52:21 and 52:49 Lane cites “Kur lii. 23”

Qur’ān 52:23 the verse Lane’s citation points to, and it uses this root

يَتَنَـٰزَعُونَ فِيهَا كَأْسًا لَّا لَغْوٌ فِيهَا وَلَا تَأْثِيمٌ

They shall there exchange, one with another, a (loving) cup free of frivolity, free of all taint of ill.Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān (1934)

1.2God reckoned him to have sinned, or committed a crime, in such a thing—أَثَمَهُ اللّٰهُ فِى كَذَا

or اَثَمَ; but only the K gives this last, and there is no reason for it, since neither the middle radical nor the final one is faucial. In the Iktitāf el-Azāhir the muḍāriʿ is given as اَثِمَ and اَثُمَ.

Or: God reckoned such a thing against him as an إِثْم.

He (God) requited him, or punished him, for sin—أَثَمَهُ

maṣdar أَثْمٌ, أَثَامٌ and إِثَامٌ. He requited him for what is termed إِثْمٌ, that is, sin or crime. See also أَثَامٌ.

Or, said of a man: he pronounced him to be آثم, a sinner or the like.

he pronounced him a sinner; and also, he found him to be so—آثَمَهُ

. Said of God.

1.2.1the she-camel was slow—أَثَمَتِ النَّاقَةُ المَشْىَ

Show Lane's original text

, (Lth, S, M, &c.,) aor. اَثَمَ , (Lth, M, Msb, K,) inf. n. إِثْمٌ , (S, K,) or أَثَمٌ , the former being a simple subst., (Msb,) and مَأْثَمٌ , (S, K,) He fell into what is termed إِثْمٌ [i. e. a sin, or crime, &c.]; (Lth, T, S, M, Msb, * K *;) [he sinned; committed a sin, or crime;] he did what was unlawful: (M, * K:) and تَأْثِيمٌ signifies the same as إِثْمٌ : (K:) it may be either an inf. n. of أَثَمَ , which [says ISd] I have not heard, or, as Sb holds it to be, a simple subst. like تَنْبِيتٌ : (M:) and is said to be used in the sense of إِثْم in the Kur lii. 23 [and lvi. 24]. (TA.) [It should be added also, that تأْثَامٌ , like تَكْذَابٌ , is syn. with تأْثِيمٌ and إِثْمٌ ; and, like تأثيم , may be an inf. n. of أَثَّمَ , or a simple subst.: see an ex. voce بَرُوقٌ .] In the dial. of some of the Arabs, the first letter of the aor. is with kesr, as in تِعْلَمُ and نِعْلَمُ ; and as the hemzeh in إِثْمٌ is with kesr, the radical hemzeh [in the aor.] is changed into ى ; so that they say إِيثَمُ and تِيثَمُ [for آثَمُ and تَأْثَمُ .] (TA.) In the saying, 1 the meaning is, [Shouldst thou say, thou wouldst not sin, or do wrong, in so saying,] There is not, among her people, any one who excels her [in grounds of pretension to respect, and in impress, or character, of beauty]. (M.) لَوْ قُلْتَ مَا فِى قَوْمَهَا لَمْ تِيثَمِ | يَفْضُلَهَا فِى حَسَبٍ وَمِيسَمِ أَثَمَهُ اللّٰهُ فِى كَذَا , aor. اَثُمَ (S, K) and اَثِمَ , (S,) or اَثَمَ , (K,) but there is no other authority than the K for this last, nor is there any reason for it, as the medial radical letter is not faucial, nor is the final, and in the Iktitáf el-Azáhir the aor. is said to be اَثِمَ and اَثُمَ , (MF, TA,) [God reckoned him to have sinned, or committed a crime or the like, in such a thing; or] God reckoned such a thing against him as an إِثْم : (S, K:) or أَثَمَهُ , aor. اَثِمَ (Fr, T, M, Msb) and اَثُمَ , (Msb,) inf. n. أَثْمٌ (Fr, T, Msb) and أَثَامٌ (Fr, T, TA) and إِثَامٌ , (Fr, TA,) He (God) requited him, (Fr, T,) or punished him, (M,) for what is termed إِثْمٌ [i. e. sin, or crime, &c.]: (Fr, T, M:) [see also أَثَامٌ below:] or he (a man) pronounced him to be آثم [i. e. a sinner, or the like]: (Msb:) [or] آثَمَهُ , aor. يَؤْثِمُهُ , has this last signification, said of God; and also signifies He found him to be so. (T.) You say also, أَثَمَتِ النَّاقَةُ المَشْىَ , aor. اَثِمَ , inf. n. أَثْمٌ , The she-camel was slow. (M.)

Form 2أثّمهُ2 senses

maṣdarتَأْثِيمٌ

Core sense — he said to him, you have sinnedgenerated

2.1he said to him, [You have fallen into a sin, or crime; you have sinned]—أَثِمْتَ

2.2

See also form 1, first and second sentences.

Show Lane's original text

, (S, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَأْثِيمٌ , (Msb, K,) He said to him أَثِمْتَ [Thou hast fallen into a sin, or crime, &c.; hast sinned, &c.]. (S, Msb, K.) See also 1, first and second sentences.

Form 4آثمهُ2 senses · 1 main

Core sense — he made him fall into sin, or into crimegenerated

4.1

He made him, or caused him, to fall into what is termed إِثْمٌ, a sin or crime, or into what is termed ذَنْبٌ.

4.1.1

See also form 1, the last sentence but one.

Show Lane's original text

He made him, or caused him, to fall into what is termed إِثْمٌ [i. e. a sin, or crime, &c.], (Zj, S, M, K,) or what is termed ذَنْبٌ . (Msb.) See also 1, last sentence but one.

Form 5تأثّم1 sense

Core sense — he abstained from sin, he kept himself clear of singenerated

5.1he abstained from such a thing as a sin, or crime—تأثّم مِنْ كَذَا

He abstained from what is termed إِثْمٌ, sin or crime; like تَحَرَّجَ, which means he kept himself clear of what is termed حَرَجٌ. Or he did a deed by which he escaped from what is termed إِثْمٌ, and he repented of it and begged forgiveness for it, as though he removed the إِثْم itself by repentance and by begging forgiveness, or sought to do so by those two means.

Synonymous with تَحَّنَثَ, for which see its own entry, in the article حنث.

Show Lane's original text

He abstained from what is termed إِثْمٌ [i. e. sin, or crime, &c.]; (T, S, M, Msb, K;) like تَحَرَّجَ meaning “ he preserved himself from what is termed حَرَجٌ : ” (Msb:) or he did a work, or deed, whereby he escaped from what is termed إِثْمٌ : (TA:) and he repented of what is so termed, (M, K,) and begged forgiveness of it; as though he removed the إِثْم itself by repentance and by begging forgiveness; or sought to do so by those two means. (M.) You say also, تأثّم مِنْ كَذَا He abstained from such a thing as a sin, or crime; syn. تَحَّنَثَ , q. v. (S, K, in art. حنث .)

Derived nouns 13

Nounإِثْمٌ5 senses · 1 main

Core sense — a sin, a crime, an offence; wine; contending for stakes in gamblinggenerated

1a sin, a crime, a fault, an offence, an act of disobedience, for which one deserves punishment—ذَنْبٌ

Some hold it to be a maṣdar; see أَثِمَ. Others hold it to be only a simple noun.

It differs from ذَنْبٌ, which covers both what is intentional and what is unintentional. Or: an unlawful deed. Or: a deed which delays reward. Or, according to Fr, what falls outside the punishment termed حَدّ. Er-Rāghib: it is a term of wider meaning than عُدَوانٌ.

مَأْثَمٌ, originally a maṣdar of أَثِمَ, means the same as إِثْمٌ; and so does أَثَامٌ, or إِثَامٌ, meaning a deed which delays reward.

The plural of إِثْمٌ is آثَامٌ, and the plural of مَأْثَمٌ is مَآثِمُ.

1.1

Sometimes it is prefixed to a noun or pronoun denoting its object.

1.2figurative · مجاز — inferred

Sometimes it means the punishment of a sin and the like: see the explanations of a passage in the Qurʾān 5:32, under بَآءَ.

Qur’ān 5:29 approximate — somewhere between 5:1 and 5:31 Lane cites “Kur v. 32”

Qur’ān 5:29 the verse Lane’s citation points to, and it uses this root

إِنِّىٓ أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوٓأَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَـٰبِ ٱلنَّارِ ۚ وَذَٰلِكَ جَزَٰٓؤُا۟ ٱلظَّـٰلِمِينَ

"For me, I intend to let thee draw on thyself my sin as well as thine, for thou wilt be among the companions of the fire, and that is the reward of those who do wrong."Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān (1934)

1.3

Wine. Aboo-Bekr El-Iyādee: it is sometimes used in this sense, but figuratively, not properly. ISd says: I think this is because the drinking of it is what is so termed.

1.4figurative · مجاز — inferredcontending for stakes, or wagers, in a game of chance—قِمَارٌ

And for a like reason. It is a man's destruction of his own property.

So in the Qurʾān 2:216, spoken of wine and of the game called المَيْسِر.

[Say, In them both are great sin and means of profit to men]—قُلْ فِهِيمَا إِثْمٌ كَبِيرٌ وَ مَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ

on this sense Th says that when they contended in a game of this kind and won, they gave food and alms, and these were means of profit.

Qur’ānic occurrences أَثَام

25:68

وَٱلَّذِينَ لَا يَدْعُونَ مَعَ ٱللَّهِ إِلَـٰهًا ءَاخَرَ وَلَا يَقْتُلُونَ ٱلنَّفْسَ ٱلَّتِى حَرَّمَ ٱللَّهُ إِلَّا بِٱلْحَقِّ وَلَا يَزْنُونَ ۚ وَمَن يَفْعَلْ ذَٰلِكَ يَلْقَ أَثَامًا

Those who invoke not, with Allah, any other god, nor slay such life as Allah has made sacred except for just cause, nor commit fornication; - and any that does this (not only) meets punishment.

Occurrences of this form in the Qur’ān, not Lane’s choice of verse. They show the word in use; they do not say which sense above applies. Where more occur than are shown, the shortest āyāt are chosen.

Show Lane's original text

[accord. to some, an inf. n.; see أَثِمَ : accord. to others, only a simple subst., signifying] A sin, a crime, a fault, an offence, or an act of disobedience, syn. ذَنْبٌ , (S, M, Msb, K,) for which one deserves punishment; differing from ذَنْبٌ inasmuch as this signifies both what is intentional and what is unintentional: (Kull:) or [so accord. to the M, but in the K “ and, ”] an unlawful deed: (M, K:) or a deed which retards from recompense: or, accord. to Fr, what is exclusive of the [punishment termed] حَدّ : accord. to Er-Rághib, it is a term of more general import than عُدَوانٌ : (TA:) مَأْثَمٌ [which is originally an inf. n. of أَثِمَ ] is syn. with إِثْمٌ ; (T, * Mgh;) and so, too, is أَثَامٌ , (Msb,) or إِثَامٌ , signifying a deed retarding recompense: (TA:) the pl. of إِثْمٌ is آثَامٌ : (M:) and the pl. of مَأْثَمٌ is مَآثِمُ . (T.) [Sometimes it is prefixed to a noun or pronoun denoting its object: and sometimes it means The punishment of a sin &c.: see explanations of a passage in the Kur v. 32, voce بَآءَ .] Wine: (Aboo-Bekr El-Iyádee, T, S, M, K:) sometimes used in this sense; (S;) but tropically; not properly: (IAmb:) I think, [says ISd,] because the drinking thereof is what is thus termed. (M.) [And for a like reason,] Contention for stakes, or wagers, in a game of hazard; syn. قِمَارٌ ; (M, K;) which is a man's destruction of his property. (M.) It is said in the Kur [ii. 216, respecting wine and the game called المَيْسِر ], قُلْ فِهِيمَا إِثْمٌ كَبِيرٌ وَ مَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ [Say thou, In them both are great sin and means of profit to men]: and Th says, when they contended in a game of this kind, and won, they gave food and alms, and these were means of profit. (M.)

Nounأَثَامٌ3 senses · 1 main

Core sense — the requital, or punishment, of sin; a valley in Hellgenerated

See إِثْمٌ.

1.1[He shall find a requital, or recompense, or a punishment, of sin]—يَلْقَ أَثَامَا

Also: the requital, or recompense, of إِثّم, that is, of sin or crime; so says Zj, and Kh and Sb say the same. Or its punishment (Yoo).

إِثَامٌ and مَأْثَمٌ mean the same, the latter in form like مَقْعَدٌ. In the CK it is written مَأثِم.

So in the Qurʾān 25:68.

ISd says: in my opinion the correct meaning is that he shall find the punishment of آثَام, sins; but some say the meaning is the one that follows.

1.2

A valley in Hell.

Qur’ānic occurrences أَثَام

25:68

Those who invoke not, with Allah, any other god, nor slay such life as Allah has made sacred except for just cause, nor commit fornication; - and any that does this (not only) meets punishment.

Show Lane's original text

: see إِثْمٌ . Also The requital, or recompense, of إِثّم [i. e. sin, or crime, &c.]: (T, S, M, Msb:) so says Zj, (T, M,) and in like manner say Kh and Sb: (T:) or punishment (Yoo, Lth, T, M, K) thereof: (Lth, T, M:) and إِثَامٌ and مَأْثَمٌ signify the same; (M, K;) the latter like مَقْعَدٌ . (TA. [In the CK this is written مَأثِم .]) So in the Kur [xxv. 68], يَلْقَ أَثَامَا [He shall find a requital, or recompense, or a punishment, of sin]: (T, S, M:) in my opinion, [says ISd,] the correct meaning is, he shall find the punishment of آثَام [or sins]: but some say, the meaning is that which here follows. (M.) A valley in Hell. (M, K.)

Nounإِثَامٌ2 senses · 1 main

Core sense — the requital, or punishment, of singenerated

See إِثْمٌ.

1.1

And see أَثَامٌ.

Show Lane's original text

: see إِثْمٌ : and أَثَامٌ .

Nounأَثُومَّ1 sense

Core sense — one who sins much, a great sinnergenerated

See آثِمٌ and أَثِيمٌ.

Show Lane's original text

: see آثِمٌ ; and أَثِيمٌ .

Nounأَثِيمٌ3 senses · 2 main

Core sense — sinning much, a great sinner; a great liargenerated

See آثِمٌ.

1.1a great, or habitual, liar; one who lies much—أَثُومٌ

So in the Qurʾān 2:277; or there it means burdened with إثْم, sin.

In the Qurʾān 44:44 it means, according to Fr, the unrighteous, or sinning, like آثِمٌ; or the unbeliever. According to Zj, in that place the اثيم means Aboo-Jahl.

Qur’ān 2:276 approximate — somewhere between 2:275 and 2:286 Lane cites “Kur ii. 277”

Qur’ān 44:46 approximate — somewhere between 44:25 and 44:59 Lane cites “Kur xliv. 44”

Qur’ān 2:276 the verse Lane’s citation points to, and it uses this root

يَمْحَقُ ٱللَّهُ ٱلرِّبَوٰا۟ وَيُرْبِى ٱلصَّدَقَـٰتِ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ كُلَّ كَفَّارٍ أَثِيمٍ

Allah will deprive usury of all blessing, but will give increase for deeds of charity: For He loveth not creatures ungrateful and wicked.Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān (1934)

Also: the frequent committing of what is termed إِثْم, sin or crime; and أَثِيمَةٌ means the same.

Qur’ānic occurrences أَثِيم 3 shown of 7

44:44

طَعَامُ ٱلْأَثِيمِ

Will be the food of the Sinful,-

45:7

وَيْلٌ لِّكُلِّ أَفَّاكٍ أَثِيمٍ

Woe to each sinful dealer in Falsehoods:

68:12

مَّنَّاعٍ لِّلْخَيْرِ مُعْتَدٍ أَثِيمٍ

(Habitually) hindering (all) good, transgressing beyond bounds, deep in sin,

Show Lane's original text

: see آثِمٌ . Also A great, or habitual, liar; or one who lies much; and so أَثُومٌ . (K.) So in the Kur ii. 277: or it there signifies Burdened with إثْم [or sin, &c.]. (TA.) In the Kur xliv. 44, it means, accord. to Fr, The unrighteous, or sinning; like آثِمٌ : (T:) or the unbeliever: (TA:) or, accord. to Zj, in this instance, (M,) by the اثيم is meant Aboo-Jahl. (M, K.) Also The commission of إِثْم [sin, or crime, &c.,] much, or frequently; and so أَثِيمَةٌ . (M, K.)

Nounأَثِيمَةٌ1 sense

Core sense — a sin, a crimegenerated

See أَثِيمٌ.

Show Lane's original text

: see أَثِيمٌ .

Nounأَثَامٌ1 sense

Core sense — the requital, or punishment, of singenerated

See آثِمٌ.

Show Lane's original text

: see آثِمٌ .

Nounآثِمٌ2 senses · 1 main

Core sense — falling into sin, sinning; said of a she-camel, slow or jadedgenerated

Falling into what is termed إِثمٌ, a sin or crime; sinning, committing a crime; doing what is unlawful.

In the same sense, but with intensive force: أَثِيمٌ, أَثُومٌ and أَثَّامٌ. In the CK the last is wrongly written without teshdeed.

Their plurals are أُثَمَآءُ, أُثُمٌ and أَثَّامُونَ respectively.